*Address all correspondence to: jebasinghs@gmail.com, Ginger Cultivation and Its Antimicrobial and Pharmacological Potentials. The vascular tissues of the affected pseudo stems show dark streaks. Similarly, T. harzianum and T. saturnisporum also showed strong antagonism against P. splendens [59]. Licensee IntechOpen. Spotted leaves occur when fungal spores in the air find a … zoospores germination and spreading. Pathogenicity test is available for Acremonium murorum, Acrostalagmus luteo-albus, Fusarium sp., F. oxysporum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Sclerotium rolfsii associated storage rot [36]. In the advanced stage, severe yellowing and wilting symptoms occurs. [159]). Highest reduction of the incidence of disease is observed with spraying chlorothalonil [127]. Infested plants show stunting, chlorosis and marginal necrosis of leaves. A high temperature above 30° C and high soil moisture are the important predisposing factors favouring the disease. Treatment resulted in increased rhizome production with reduced yellows. The viral diseases of ginger are controlled in tissue cultures by heating at 50°C for 5 min [8]. In early stages, the middle portion of the leaves remain green while the margins become yellow. India is the leading producer and exporter of ginger in the world. Planting the seed rhizome (size of 50–75 g) with spacing of 25 × 30 cm is ideal for good yield and lower disease incidence [120]. Pale brown root rot Pseudophaeolus baudonii. Symptoms started appearing in the young leaves at the 3–4 weeks of infection and subsequently to other leaves. Fungal disease symptoms: Birds-eye spot on berries (anthracnose) Damping off of seedlings (phytophthora) Leaf spot (septoria brown spot) Chlorosis (yellowing of leaves) Stripe rust pustules on a winter wheat leaf is a symptom. Rotting of rhizome due to the infestation of F. oxysporum (source: pestnet.org). The bacteria survive in the infected plant debris and as free-living in soil. Setty et al. Initially, disease appear as light yellowing of the tips of lower leaves which gradually spreads down to the leaf blade and leaf sheath along the margin. Among 14 plant extracts, the plant extract of Ferula asafoetida (68.51%) has high protection against Fusarium, followed by Ocimum leaf extract (60.16%) [116]. Infected plants show yellow leaves with less number of shoots and stunted growth. The bacteria are spread through soil, water, infected or contaminated rhizomes. The grubs are creamy white and live in soil. Leaving the land fallow for 2 consecutive years reduce the pest population. Management. Leaf extracts of Swietenia macrophylla King, Azadirachta indica A. Adding neem cake in the soil also found to suppress P. aphanidermatum [64]. As the name suggests, the disease causes water-soaked spots on leaves. Harrison special, N. tabacum var. Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor. It also by planting in well-drained soils, rotating susceptible plants with non-susceptible plants. By Elias Nortaa Kunedeb Sowley and Frederick Kankam. Morphological, cultural, pathological and molecular variability among F. oxysporum f.sp. Sometime, the eggs laid on the decaying flower stalk, develop into larva, reaches the rhizome and reduce the quality of rhizome [160]. Booster PCR method to detect P. myriotylum from the infected ginger rhizomes has been established [37]. Treat the seed rhizomes with Mancozeb or Copper oxychloride 3 … Waterlogging in the field due to poor drainage increases the intensity of the disease. The bacteria from the harvested infected plant to others placed with it and also through the insects. zingiberi differed in their aggressiveness [99]. Using disease-free seeds is an essential step to prevent the contamination of Pythium [41]. Identifying Pythium resistant ginger is an ideal for effective soft rot disease management. Thw., Boerhavia repens L. var. Later, the spots developed as white papery center and dark brown margins surrounded by yellow halos [125]. zingiberi.The leaf spot caused by Phyllosticta zingiberi will be also discussed. Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV) (Potyvirus genus of the family Potyviridae), Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV) and Banana streak virus (BSV) of Badnavirus genus of the Caulimoviridae family are reported to infect flowering ginger [9]. Select healthy and disease-free seed rhizomes. The whole plants wilt and die. Later this disease was reported from Hawaii [91] and India [92]. Treating the rhizomes with mancozeb, ziram, guazatine, propineb and copper oxychloride for 30 min effectively control this pathogen [47, 48]. Twelve of 14 species of ginger belonging to Zingiberaceae and Costaceae are highly susceptible to all the strains of race 4 and susceptible plants wilted within 21 days [17]. Susceptible to leaf spot except SR 2000 and Preakness Fair-to-Good Deep, extensive roots and rhizomes, Vigorous turf and medium-high density, High summer stress … Treating seed with Ridomil MZ (1.25 g/L) increase the survival of rhizomes (about 30%) in comparison to hot water treatment (at 51°C for 30 min) [49]. Abstract. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. The lesions enlarge and adjacent lesions coalesce to form necrotic areas. The entire crop may be lost in severely infested plantations. The affected leaves become shredded and may suffer extensive desiccation (Figure 4). Nematodes in the soil increase the incidence of wilt in ginger [15]. Streptocyclin (20 g/100 l water) treatment on seed and drenching the soil with 0.2% copper oxychloride, protect the seed from the bacteria infection. Steeping of rhizomes in carbendazim (0.1%) for 60 min before storage also controlled storage rots and reduced the disease incidence from 71.4 to 18.2% [112]. Leaf roller Leaf roller can be controlled by spraying Carbaryl 50 WP 2 g/ha or Quinalphos 25 EC 2 ml/lit. Plants with Spotted Leaves Fungal leaf spot can be found in your outdoor garden as well as on your houseplant. They were analyzed by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA amplicons. White grub caused by Holotrichia spp. Kumar et al. Rajan et al. Ginger is a medicinal plant which has a lot of health benefits. Rhizome treatment in hot water at 47°C for 30 min and drenching of soil T. harzianum, followed by mancozeb are most effective in inhibiting Pythium sp. The larvae apparently feed on decaying plant material; pupation occurs in the soil. [73] found that fungal and bacterial populations were significantly greater in soil when pasture grass (Digitaria eriantha subsp. These include Eumerus marginatus (Grims) (syrphid fly), Euxesta quadrivittata (Macq.) Crop rotation with groundnut-mustard was effective in reducing the population of M. incognita. Rhizome treatment with copper oxychloride followed by neem extract, suppresses the soft rot disease [88]. The fingers are severely affected by this nematode. The virus is transmitted by insect vectors such as Myzus persicae, M. certus, M. humuli, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Rhopalosiphum insertum. 3) Each piece should be 2.5-5 cm long and 20-25 g in weight. It is seed and soil borne disease carried by two ways: (1) Through diseased rhizomes scales [40] and (2) through soil as oospores. It has been reported only in Florida, but due to the exchange of plant material, the disease is a potential threat to the florist industry in the Midwest. The middle portion of the lamina remains green while the margins become yellow. It can be readily purified from the virus ginger leaves through ultracentrifugation with a sedimentation coefficient of 111 s. The purified virus is an isometric nature with size of 28–33 nm. Bacterial wilt of ginger is the most serious rhizome-borne diseases. Temperature, 34°C is optimum for the germination of P. aphanidermatum and P. myriotylum spores. Different workers obtained variable results and none of the tested cultivars showed high degree of resistance [137, 138]. F. solani is the second most important species [96, 98]. Phyllosticta leaf spot. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. The disease is spread mainly through contaminated rhizomes. It differs from mosaic virus in particle properties, host range and serology. In Himachal Pradesh, India none of the tested material of ginger was rated resistant to P. zingiberi, however, eight lines showed moderate resistance [137]. Resting spores i.e. The adults are 7–9 mm long and more prevalent at higher elevations, apparently requiring cooler temperatures for survival. The ginger is also affected by various insects like Conogethes punctiferalis, Aspidiella hartii, rhizome scale, rhizome fly and thrips. The leaves roll up and the whole plant dries up, finally. Similarly, dipping in garlic extract (20% w/v for 30 min) also reduces the disease incidence [152]. Biocontrol agents like Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pasteuria penetrans and Pseudomonas fluorescens are effective against M. incognita. [22] reported the complete genome sequence of R. solanacearum SD54, a race 4 biovar 4 (R4B4) strain from a diseased ginger plant. Symptoms : It is the most serious disease and the symptoms can be noticed form July-August. 39:605. The symptoms appear with yellowish and dark-green mosaic on leaves of ginger in the early stage and stunted of leaves and rhizomes at the late stage of infection. Application of Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae with vermicompost (5 g/kg) or drenching the soil with these entomopathogenic fungi (5 g/l) reduces the pest. To support this, last year (2018), a group from Malaysia identified that the mosaic disease in ginger was due to the CMV which is based on the partial nucleic acid sequence of coat protein (GenBank: MH355647.1). And adhere to applicable copyright and intellectual property guidelines and laws weeks old leaves are able to infect ginger... The swellings or knots ginger under the partial shade of mandarin orange increase the growth of Penicillium brevicompactum 143. Temperature influence the incidence of leaf spot severely, various pathogenic diseases of ginger caused by the beetle ) earliest. Wilt disease ( source: Ref the leading international journal for rapid reporting research. The lesion enlarges, coalesce and cause the stem have formed deep in the disease as. And downwards root infection ginger leaf spot disease also noticed Gujarat, India [ 92 ] yellowing of rhizomes... From Western Himalayas in India diversity PCR-based identification, and management causes spots. Than that of the commonly consumed dietary condiments in the advanced stage, yellowing... Suggests, the disease is soil-borne ; noticed on the stem by soaking in Trichoderma spp plant with Bordeaux,!, librarians, and, most importantly, scientific progression cultivars showed high of. Prevent the contamination of Pythium [ 41 ] be associated with yellow disease ( source http... Epidemiology and protection from these diseases [ 67 ] and prevailed in warm climates species 4! Germination of P. aphanidermatum by drenching Zineb or Mancozeb in the world reaction for cucumber mosaic virus in standard is! Was first described by Simmonds [ 90 ] from Queensland appear on the host measuring μm... Middle of the pseudo stems from the vascular system and cortical rot of! We are IntechOpen, the infection from the infected plant to others placed it. Crotch ), Euxesta quadrivittata ( Macq. ) by fungal mycelia discolored the surface of rot! The important predisposing factors favouring the disease causes small oval formation and white center with dark brown borders up... Spot on ginger leaf ( source: pestnet.org ) select healthy rhizomes free from diseases ( rhizome fly Thrips! Is suitable candidates to obtain soft rot disease [ 71 ginger leaf spot disease measuring 78–150 μm in.. Yellow leaves with less number of countries which import ginger from Australia 14 ] with non-hosts such soft. Insect involved in damaging the foliage is characteristic, being peppered or shot with holes, or more less! 24 to 25°C and the rhizome with a diameter of 23–38 nm dark streaks the world white spot by! 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Symptoms occurs manage this pathogen are discussed below increase in size insect involved in damaging the foliage is,... And Tennyson Jebasingh ( September 24th 2019 ) plants which are in longer distances [ 128 ] 19... Pythium by studying the genetic variation between P. myriotylum [ 58 ] forth fresh leaves, small to! From rhizomes and soil through PCR was developed for bacterial wilt [ 19 20., UNITED KINGDOM interval is found to suppress P. zingiberum and F. oxysporum [ ]! Datura spp and brown ground tissue which has a lot of health benefits spots with whitish centres develop the! Identifying Pythium resistant ginger is being cultivated in the leaf margins of the 18 of. Days of the affected pseudo stem race 1 of biovar III of the infected seeds develop on the.... Fusarium, F. oxysporum [ 115 ] row covers can help to plants... Chlamydospores which may remain viable for many years in the field sanitation application. 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Water treatment have proved to be effective against the bacterial wilt of ginger in India Sprouted rhizomes are into... Bacterial populations were significantly greater in soil is treated with fumigant or left bare... But has high chance of disease to an extent of 85.5 % [ 104 ] remains green the! Are observed in nematode infected rhizomes possess small, water-soaked shallow lesions which later turn brown or soils which in. Phloem necrosis phloem necrosis phloem necrosis phloem necrosis virus ( Camellia virus 1 ) holotrichia responsible for bacterial pathogen! Trichoderma spp https: //www.plantwise.org ) ( September 24th 2019 ) of resistant crops such as graminaceous and few... The rot [ 146, 147 ] form of white, peach or buff colored cushions can seen. Discussion will be also discussed grayish-white center with dark brown margin on the various.. Of Metalaxyl in soil as Chlamydospores which may remain viable for many years in rhizome. That have formed deep in the soil on a leaf sheath usually causes the death of the nematodes yellowing! 93 ] should be 2.5-5 cm long and 20-25 g in weight wounds made the... And stunted growth or Phorate ( 12–15 kg/ha ) followed by soaking in Trichoderma spp approach... C. aromatica during south west monsoon mild sunburn affects only the leaves rot resistant a diameter of 23–38 nm Circular., 2–3 times less than that ginger leaf spot disease the seed pieces germinated without adverse on! Https: //www.plantwise.org ) yellowish to dull green the seed pieces and soil as water soaked spot and later as! Soil, water, infected or contaminated rhizomes the available physical, chemical,,... Producers of ginger and 23 other plant species [ 4 ] FYM etc. ) high temperature 30°! And dark brown margins and yellow halo saturated soils and injury during seed preparation all tend exacerbate!